Μετάφραση και ανάλυση λέξεων από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη ChatGPT
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- ετυμολογία
vagabonding electron - translation to ρωσικά
общая лексика
блуждающий электрон
['i:bi:m]
существительное
общая лексика
электронный пучок
![M. von Ardenne's]] first SEM](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First Scanning Electron Microscope with high resolution from Manfred von Ardenne 1937.jpg?width=200 "M. von Ardenne's]] first SEM")
![Low-temperature SEM magnification series for a [[snow]] crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryogenic temperatures for imaging.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LT-SEM snow crystal magnification series-3.jpg?width=200 "Low-temperature SEM magnification series for a [[snow]] crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryogenic temperatures for imaging.")
.svg?width=200 "Schematic of an SEM")
![SEM image of ''[[Cobaea scandens]]'' pollen](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cobaea scandens1-4.jpg?width=200 "SEM image of ''[[Cobaea scandens]]'' pollen")
![Colored SEM image of ''[[Tradescantia]]'' pollen and stamens](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tradescantia tolmukakarvad ja õietolm.JPG ?width=200 "Colored SEM image of ''[[Tradescantia]]'' pollen and stamens")
![Colored SEM image of native [[gold]] and [[arsenopyrite]] crystal intergrowth](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gold on arsenopyrite SEM image.png ?width=200 "Colored SEM image of native [[gold]] and [[arsenopyrite]] crystal intergrowth")
![An SEM stereo pair of [[microfossils]] of less than 1 mm in size ([[Ostracoda]]) produced by tilting along the longitudinal axis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM Stereo Pair.jpg?width=200 "An SEM stereo pair of [[microfossils]] of less than 1 mm in size ([[Ostracoda]]) produced by tilting along the longitudinal axis.")
![MountainsSEM]] software, see next image); then a series of 3D representations with different angles have been made and assembled into a GIF file to produce this animation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM Stereo pair of micro-fossil (Juxilyocypris schwarzbachi Ostracoda).gif?width=200 "MountainsSEM]] software, see next image); then a series of 3D representations with different angles have been made and assembled into a GIF file to produce this animation.")
![roughness]] calibration sample (as used to calibrate profilometers), from 2 scanning electron microscope images tilted by 15° (top left). The calculation of the 3D model (bottom right) takes about 1.5 secondStereo SEM reconstruction using MountainsMap SEM version 7.4 on i7 2600 CPU at 3.4 GHz and the error on the Ra roughness value calculated is less than 0.5%.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3D surface reconstruction from 2 scanning electron microscope images.gif?width=200 "roughness]] calibration sample (as used to calibrate profilometers), from 2 scanning electron microscope images tilted by 15° (top left). The calculation of the 3D model (bottom right) takes about 1.5 secondStereo SEM reconstruction using MountainsMap SEM version 7.4 on i7 2600 CPU at 3.4 GHz and the error on the Ra roughness value calculated is less than 0.5%.")
![SEM 3D reconstruction from the previous using [[shape from shading]] algorithms.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fly Eye 3D SEM Image with form.jpg?width=200 "SEM 3D reconstruction from the previous using [[shape from shading]] algorithms.")
![artificial coloring]] makes the image easier for non-specialists to view and understand the structures and surfaces revealed in micrographs.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg?width=200 "artificial coloring]] makes the image easier for non-specialists to view and understand the structures and surfaces revealed in micrographs.")
![[[Compound eye]] of [[Antarctic krill]] ''Euphausia superba''. Arthropod eyes are a common subject in SEM micrographs due to the depth of focus that an SEM image can capture. Colored picture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Krilleyekils.jpg?width=200 "[[Compound eye]] of [[Antarctic krill]] ''Euphausia superba''. Arthropod eyes are a common subject in SEM micrographs due to the depth of focus that an SEM image can capture. Colored picture.")
![TEM]]. Colored picture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Antarctic krill ommatidia.jpg?width=200 "TEM]]. Colored picture.")
![blood]]. This is an older and noisy micrograph of a common subject for SEM micrographs: red blood cells.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM blood cells.jpg?width=200 "blood]]. This is an older and noisy micrograph of a common subject for SEM micrographs: red blood cells.")
![hederelloid]] from the [[Devonian]] of Michigan (largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm). The SEM is used extensively for capturing detailed images of micro and macro fossils.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HederelloidSEM.jpg?width=200 "hederelloid]] from the [[Devonian]] of Michigan (largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm). The SEM is used extensively for capturing detailed images of micro and macro fossils.")
![Backscattered electron (BSE) image of an [[antimony]]-rich region in a fragment of ancient glass. Museums use SEMs for studying valuable artifacts in a nondestructive manner.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BSEGlassInclusionSb.jpg?width=200 "Backscattered electron (BSE) image of an [[antimony]]-rich region in a fragment of ancient glass. Museums use SEMs for studying valuable artifacts in a nondestructive manner.")
![field emission]] SEM. These SEMs are important in the semiconductor industry for their high-resolution capabilities.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Photoresist SEM micrograph.JPG?width=200 "field emission]] SEM. These SEMs are important in the semiconductor industry for their high-resolution capabilities.")
![Two images of the same [[depth hoar]] [[snow]] crystal, viewed through a light microscope (left) and as an SEM image (right). Note how the SEM image allows for clear perception of the fine structure details which are hard to fully make out in the light microscope image.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LightLTSEM.jpg?width=200 "Two images of the same [[depth hoar]] [[snow]] crystal, viewed through a light microscope (left) and as an SEM image (right). Note how the SEM image allows for clear perception of the fine structure details which are hard to fully make out in the light microscope image.")
![Epidermal cells from the inner surface of an [[onion]] flake. Beneath the shagreen-like cell walls one can see nuclei and small organelles floating in the cytoplasm. This BSE-image of a lanthanoid-stained sample was taken without prior fixation, nor dehydration, nor sputtering.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Onion flake. Cells. SEM-BSE.jpg?width=200 "Epidermal cells from the inner surface of an [[onion]] flake. Beneath the shagreen-like cell walls one can see nuclei and small organelles floating in the cytoplasm. This BSE-image of a lanthanoid-stained sample was taken without prior fixation, nor dehydration, nor sputtering.")
медицина
сканирующая электронная микроскопия
нефтегазовая промышленность
сканирующая электронная микроскопия (для анализа керна)
Ορισμός
Βικιπαίδεια
In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:
- Octet rule is used with Lewis structures for main group elements, especially the lighter ones such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen,
- 18-electron rule in inorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry of transition metals,
- Hückel's rule for the π-electrons of aromatic compounds,
- Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory for polyhedral cluster compounds, including transition metals and main group elements and mixtures thereof, such as boranes.
Atoms are called "electron-deficient" when they have too few electrons as compared to their respective rules, or "hypervalent" when they have too many electrons. Since these compounds tend to be more reactive than compounds that obey their rule, electron counting is an important tool for identifying the reactivity of molecules. While the counting formalism considers each atom separately, these individual atoms (with their hypothetical assigned charge) do not generally exist as free species.
